Indonesian National Armed Forces
| Indonesian National Armed Forces Tentara Nasional Indonesia |
|
|---|---|
 Insignia of Indonesian National Armed Forces |
|
| Service branches |  TNI AD (Army)
|
| Leadership | |
| Panglima TNI (Commander of the Armed Forces) | Gen. Djoko Santoso |
| Menteri Pertahanan (Minister of Defence) | Purnomo Yusgiantoro |
| Manpower | |
| Available for military service |
60,543,028, age 18–49 (2008 est.[1]) |
| Fit for military service |
52,000,000 males, age 18–49 (2008 est.[1]), similar females, age 18–49 (2008 est.[1]) |
| Reaching military age annually |
2,000,000 males (2008 est.[1]), similar females (2008 est.[1]) |
| Active personnel | 400,000 persons known |
| Expenditures | |
| Budget | $4.74 billion (2008) |
| Percent of GDP | 0.8% |
| Industry | |
| Domestic suppliers | PT Pindad, PT.PAL, LAPAN |
| Foreign suppliers |  France United Kingdom Russia United States Germany |
 An Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the U.N.'s Global Peacekeeping Operation Initiative |
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TNI AL (Navy)
TNI AU (Air Force)
The Indonesian National Armed Forces (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI; formerly Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, ABRI) in 2009 comprises approximately 432,129 personnel including the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL) including the Indonesian Marine Corps (Korps Marinir) and the Air Force (TNI-AU).
The Indonesian Army was formed during the Indonesian National Revolution, when it undertook a guerrilla war along with informal militia. As a result of this, and the need to maintain internal security, the Army has been organized along territorial lines, aimed at defeating internal enemies and external invaders once they have occupied the nation[2]..
Under the 1945 Constitution, all citizens are legally entitled and obliged to defend the nation. Conscription is provided for by law, yet the Forces have been able to maintain mandated strength levels without resorting to a draft. Most enlisted personnel were recruited in their own home regions and generally trained and served most of their time in units nearby.
The Indonesian Army is by far the largest, with about 328,517 active-duty personnel, compared to around 74,963 in the Navy and 34,930 in the Air Force.. The Indonesian armed forces are entirely voluntary. The available manpower fit for military service of males aged between 16 to 49 is 52,000,000, with a further 2,000,000 new suitable for service annually[3]
Defense spending in the national budget was widely estimated 3% of GDP in 2005[3], but is supplemented by revenue from many military-run businesses and foundations. The Indonesian Defence force personnel does not include members of law enforcement and paramilitary personnel such as POLRI (Indonesian police) consisting of approximately 540,000 personnel, BRIMOB (police mobile brigade) of around 39,000 armed personnel, the Civil Service Police Unit, MENWA (university student regiment) 26,000 trained personnel, and HANSIP (civilian defence) number unknown.
Contents |
History
Formation
Before the formation of Indonesian Republic, the military authority in Dutch East Indies was held by Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL). Despite KNIL is not directly responsible for the formation of the future Indonesian armed forces, and mainly took role as the foe during Indonesian National Revolution in 1945 to 1949, somehow KNIL provides military training and infrastructure for some of the future TNI officers. There is some military training center, military school and academy in Dutch East Indies. Next to Dutch conscript and European mercenary, KNIL also recruiting native, especially South Moluccan, Timorese, and Minahasan. In 1940 with the Netherlands under German occupation and the Japanese pressing for access to Dutch East Indies oil supplies, the Dutch had opened up the KNIL to large intakes of previously excluded Javanese.[4] Some of the native soldier that had enjoyed Dutch KNIL military academy education and later will become important TNI officer is Suharto and Nasution.
Indonesian nationalism and militanism start to gain its momentum and support in World War II during Japanese occupation of Indonesia. To gain support from Indonesian people in their war against Western Allied force, Japan started to encourage and back Indonesian nationalistic movements by providing Indonesian youth with military trainings and weapons. On 3 October 1943, the Japanese military formed the Indonesian volunteer army called PETA (Pembela Tanah Air - Defenders of the Homeland). The Japanese intended PETA to assist their forces oppose a possible invasion by the Allies. The Japanese military trainings for Indonesian youth originally was meant to rally the local's support for the collapsing power of Japanese Empire, but later it has become the significant resource for Republic of Indonesia during Indonesian National Revolution in 1945 to 1949, and also has leads to the formation of Indonesian national armed force in 1945.
The Indonesian armed forces have seen significant action since their establishment in 1945. Their first conflict was the 1945–1949 Indonesian National Revolution, in which the 1945 Battle of Surabaya was especially important.
At first, The Indonesian Army started out as BKR (Badan Keamanan Rakjat - People's Security Corps), which was formed in the 3rd PPKI meeting, 29 August 1945; this was a Department in which People take up arms in the force to keep security intact over parts of independent Indonesia - it was much more of a civil defense force rather than an army. This decisions was made to make the allied forces would not invade Indonesia in full force. If they were made into an army, the allied forces might took it as a rebellion, for the Japanese had promised to return their Asian domains to the allies, not to liberate them independently.
Since confrontations had became sharp and hostile between Indonesia and the Allied forces, in December 1945 TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakjat - People's Security Army) was formed; this was a move taken to formalize, unite, and organize the splintered pockets of independent troopers ('laskar') across Indonesia, of course also to give professional army approach, to contend with the Netherlands and the Allied force invaders.
In 1947, TRI (Tentara Rakjat Indonesia - Indonesian People Army) was then formed, this is to again professionalize the army to contend with the invaders, and, bearing its name of 'Tentara Rakjat' (People's Army), which meant it will be open to all layers of the residents of Indonesia, and, to legalize conscription drafts (Mobilisasi Rakjat - People's Mobilization).
In 1949 then, TRI changed its name to TNI, just like today.
Involvements in politics and regional conflicts
From 1950s to 1960s Republic of Indonesia struggles to maintain its unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements in some of its provinces. From 1948 to 1962 TNI involved in local warfare in West Java, Aceh, and South Sulawesi against Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia (DI/TII), a militant movement aimed to establish an Islamic state in Indonesia. Followed by the rebellion of Republic of South Maluku. The PRRI/Permesta rebellion is essential in Indonesian military history, because it was led army officers in Sumatra and Sulawesi between 1955 and 1961.
From 1961 to 1963, TNI involved in the military campaign to incorporate Western New Guinea into Indonesia, the military campaign was directed against Netherlands New Guinea. From 1962 to 1965 TNI fought in the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. The Indonesian killings of 1965–1966 directly involved them, the armed forces under Lt. General Suharto was fighting against the Indonesian Communist with the help of the Western Bloc forces. The rise of General Suharto to the power as the new Indonesian president has promoted the role of military within Indonesian politics. During the New Order era Indonesian military enjoys certain privilege and play significant role in Indonesian politics. The military involvement in Indonesian politics was formulated in Dwifungsi (Dual function) doctrine of Indonesian Armed Force. Also during the New Order regime the "Tentara Nasional Indonesia" (Indonesian National Army/TNI) changed its name to "Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia" (Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces/ABRI) which also incorporated POLRI (Indonesian National Police).
In 1975 the Indonesian invasion of East Timor took place and a year afterward the Insurgency in Aceh began, which occurred on and off from 1976 to 2005. From 70s to 90s the Indonesian military worked hard to suppress and tackle down the armed insurgency and separatist movements in troubled provinces of Aceh and East Timor. In 1992 the Santa Cruz Massacre took place in East Timor, which tarnished the image of Indonesian military internationally. This incident led USA to sever its IMET funding and link to Indonesian military, also banned arm equipments sales to Indonesia.
Also in 1992 each service began to form small female units. These all-female Corps are the Women's Army Corps, the Navy Women's Corps, the Air Force Women's Corps, and the Women's Corps of the Police. These were intended to "set to work at places and in functions conform[ing] to their feminine disposition." More specifically, women were assigned to administrative work, teaching English and working to improve health and social conditions of armed forces members and their families. The women police were said to "play an important role in solving problems [of] drug addicts and juvenile delinquents."[3]
After the Cold War ended the Indonesian Armed Forces began to take part in United Nations peacekeeping missions. These were usually known as 'Garuda' deployments. The first was to the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia, quickly followed by a deployment as part of the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia Herzegovina. Indonesian troops deployed to both the United Nations Operation in Somalia I and the United Nations Operation in Somalia II.
The Armed Force Reformation
After the fall of Suharto in 1998, the democratic and civil movement was grew against the acute military role and involvements in Indonesian politics. As the result, Post-Suharto Indonesian military has undergone certain reformations, such ad the disband of Dwifungsi doctrine and the terminations of military controlled business. The reformation also involved the law enforcement in common civil society, which questioned the position of Indonesian police under the military corps umbrella. This reformations leads to the separation of Police force from the military. In 2000, the Indonesian National Police officially regained its independence and now is a separate entity from the military. The official name of Indonesian military also change from "Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia" (ABRI) back to "Tentara Nasional Indonesia" (TNI).
Indonesian military continue its involvement and contribution in United Nations peacekeeping missions. After 1999, Indonesian troops went to Africa as part of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The TNI has also served with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.
Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the United States government suspended a spare parts embargo which had been in place for non-lethal equipment and military vehicles, to support the humanitarian effort in the tsunami-devastated regions of Aceh and Nias. Since then the Indonesian Air Force has signed deals to purchase more C-130 transport aircraft and upgrade the current C-130s in the inventory. On 22 November 2005, the U.S. announced that military ties with Indonesia would be restored in full. The decision had ended the six-year U.S. ban on arms sales.[5]
In 2009, all former Indonesian military businesses are to be surrendered to a specialist body. The Indonesian Military Business Management Body (BPBTNI) was established in effect of a stipulation in Law No.34/2004 on the Indonesian Military (TNI) which will takeover ownership and operation of all businesses owned or run by the TNI by 2009. Unlike the former National Banking Restructuring Agency (BPPN) which burdened the Indonesian state with losses, the BPBTNI would bear all losses alone[6].
Political role of the military
During the Suharto era, the military had a "dual function" (dwifungsi in Indonesian) defined as: firstly preservation and enforcement of internal and external security and sovereignty of the State and secondly, as an overseer and arbiter of government policy. This was used to justify substantial military interference in politics. Long-time president Suharto was an army general and was strongly supported by most of the military establishment. Traditionally a significant number of cabinet members had military backgrounds, while active duty and retired military personnel occupied a large number of seats in the legislature. Commanders of the various territorial commands played influential roles in the affairs of their respective regions.
Indonesia has not had a substantial conflict with its neighbours since the 1963–1965 Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, known in Indonesia as Konfrontasi with Malaysia. Possible future disputes relating to competing Malaysian-Indonesian South China Sea claims, where Indonesia has large natural gas reserves, concern the Indonesian government. As of 2007, some regional claims with neighbouring Malaysia have led to some minor sabre-rattling by both sides with a stalemate over the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea[3].
In the post-Suharto period since 1998, civilian and military leaders have advocated removing the military from politics (for example, the military's representation in the House of Representatives was reduced and finally ended), but the military's political influence remains extensive.
Philosophy & Doctrine
The Indonesian military philosophy over-riding defense of the archipelago is summarily civilian-military defense, called "Total People's Defense"- consisting of a three-stage war: a short initial period in which invader would defeat a conventional Indonesian military, a long period of territorial guerrilla war followed by a final stage of expulsion- with military acting as a rallying point for defence from grass-roots village level upwards. The doctrine relies on a close bond between villager and soldier to encourage the support of the entire population and enable the military to manage all war-related resources.
The civilian population would provide logistical support, intelligence, and upkeep with some trained to join the guerrilla struggle. The armed forces regularly engage in large-scale community and rural development. The "Armed Forces Enters the Village" (AMD) program, begun in 1983 is held three times annually to organise and assist construction and development of civilian village projects[2].
Organization
The Indonesian armed forces have long been organized around territorial commands.[7] Following independence, seven were established by 1958. No central reserve formation was formed until 1961 (when the 1st Army Corps of the Army General Reserve, CADUAD, the precursor of today's Kostrad was established). It was only after the attempted coup d'état of 1 October 1965 and General Suharto's rise to the presidency that it became possible to integrate the armed forces and begin to develop a joint operations structure.
Following a decision in 1985, major reorganization separated the Ministry of Defense and Security [HANKAM] from the ABRI headquarters and staff.[8] HANKAM was made responsible for planning, acquisition, and management tasks but had no command or control of troop units. The ABRI commander in chief retained command and control of all armed forces and continued by tradition to be the senior military officer in the country. Since the separation of the ministry from the armed forces headquarters in 1985, the HANKAM staff has been composed largely of retired military personnel. The split provided positions of responsibility for highly qualified but relatively young retired officers of the Generation of 1945 while also opening up high level billets in ABRI to younger active-duty officers who had been frustrated by slow rates of promotion.
The administrative structure of HANKAM consisted of a minister, secretary general, inspector general, three directorates-general and a number of functional centers and institutes. The minister, inspector general, and three directors general were retired senior military officers; the secretary general (who acted as deputy minister) and most functional center chiefs were active-duty military officers.
The 1985 reorganization also made significant changes in the armed forces chain of command. The four multiservice Regional Defense Commands (Kowilhans) and the National Strategic Command (Kostranas) were eliminated from the defense structure, establishing the Military Regional Command (Kodam), or area command, as the key organization for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services. The chain of command flowed directly from the ABRI commander in chief to the ten Kodam commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands. The former territorial commands of the air force and navy were eliminated from the structure altogether, with each of those services represented on the Kodam staff by a senior liaison officer. The navy and air force territorial commands were replaced by operational commands. The air force formed two Operations Commands (Ko-Ops) while the navy had its Eastern Fleet and Western Fleet—Armadas. The air force's National Air Defense Command (Kohanudna) remained under the ABRI commander in chief. It had an essentially defensive function that included responsibility for the early warning system.
The officer corps of the armed forces was estimated at 53,000 in 1992.[9] Less than 1 percent of these were of general officer rank. The Armed Forces Academy of the Republic of Indonesia (Akademi TNI), the national military academy at Magelang, Jawa Tengah Province trains most military officer corps. Mandatory retirement exists for officers at age fifty-eight and routine periodic reassignments are enforced. The officer corps is majority ethnic Javanese[2]
Branches
The Indonesian Army was first formed in 1945 following the end of World War II and to protect the newly proclamated country, it initially consisted of local militia and grew to become the regular army of today.
In 1946, Indonesia became the second country (after Thailand/Siam) in South East Asia to acquire an Air Force capability, with the formation of the Indonesian Air Force. Presently, the Indonesian Air Force has 27,850 personnel equipped with 346 aircraft including Su-27 and Su-30 fighters.
The Indonesian Navy was first formed on 22 August 1945, it became the second country (after Thailand/Siam) in South East Asia to acquire a navy capability. Current strength of the Indonesian Navy is around 74,000. The Indonesian Navy purchased a number of ships of the former East German navy in the 1990s. Navy vessels include KRI Cobra and others. In 2006, Indonesian Navy purchased 2 Kilo class-636 conventional submarines, 2 Shipset Yakhont Missile and 20 BMP-3F amphibious light tank with option of 100 more BMP-3 from Russia. Indonesia also plan to buy landing craft ships from Russia[10]. In contrast to many other nations and military traditions, the Navy uses Infantry style ranks[11]
All Indonesian Navy aircraft are operated by the Indonesian Naval Aviation Service (DINAS PENERBANGAN TNI-AL). The Indonesian Navy has also purchased 8 Mi-2 (now based in Surabaya), but only two have arrived because of problems with the Indonesian Navy's agency. The Navy operates 52 fixed wing aircraft, and 23 combat and transport helicopters.[2].
The Indonesian Navy also includes the integral Indonesian Marine Corps (KorMar). It was created on November 15, 1945 and has the duties of being the main amphibious warfare force and quick reaction force of defence against enemy invasion.
While not strictly part of the armed forces, the Indonesian National Police often operate in a paramilitary role, independently or in cooperation with the other services on internal security missions. Indonesian Police use the name of POLRI (Kepolisian Republik Indonesia).
Budget
| Fiscal Year | Budget (IDR$) | Budget (USD$) |
|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Rp 21.97 trillion | USD 2.5 billion |
| 2006 | Rp 23.6 trillion | USD 2.6 billion |
| 2007 | Rp 32.6 trillion | USD 3.4 billion |
| 2008 | Rp 36.39 trillion | USD 3.8 billion |
| 2009 | Rp 33.6 trillion | USD 3.3 billion |
| 2010 | Rp 42.3 trillion | USD 4.47 billion |
| 2011 | Rp 45.2 trillion | USD 5.1 billion |
List of commanders
| Name | Years | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Lt. Gen. Urip Sumohardjo | 1945 | Position held on an interim basis[12] |
| Lt. Gen. Sudirman | 1945–1950 | Position known as Great Commander of the People's Security Army (Panglima Besar Tentara Keamanan Rakyat)[12] |
| Maj. Gen. TB Simatupang | 1950–1952 | Position known as Chief of Staff of the Battle Forces (Kepala Staf Angkatan Perang)[12] |
| Vacant | 1952–1968 | Position abolished by President Sukarno after the 17th October 1952 incident[12] |
| Gen. Suharto | 1968–1973 | Position known as Commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Panglima ABRI) as long as Minister of Defense and Security |
| Gen. Maraden Panggabean | 1973–1978 | idem |
| Gen. Andi Mohammad Jusuf | 1978–1983 | idem |
| Gen. Benny Moerdani | 1983–1988 | Also Commander of the Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order (Kopkamtib) |
| Gen. Try Sutrisno | 1988–1993 | |
| Gen. Edi Sudrajat | 1993 | Also Minister of Defense and Security and Chief of Staff of the Army |
| Gen. Feisal Tanjung | 1993–1998 | |
| Gen. Wiranto | 1998–1999 | Position known as Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia) in 1999 as long as Minister of Defense and Security |
| Adm. Widodo Adi Sutjipto | 1999–2002 | |
| Gen. Endriartono Sutarto | 2002–2006 | |
| ACM. Djoko Suyanto | 2006–2007 | |
| Gen. Djoko Santoso | 2007–2008 |
Notes
- ↑ * CIA World Factbook Indonesia, accessed 25 July 2008
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 *http://www.tni.mil.id
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0171
- ↑ McDonald (1980), pages 13
- ↑ National, World and Business News | Reuters.co.uk
- ↑ *Antara News, "TNI Businesses To Be Taken Over by Special Body", [1], accessed 29 March 2009
- ↑ Lowry, Bob (1993). Indonesian Defence Policy and the Indonesian Armed Forces, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No.99, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1993, p.36-40
- ↑ Library of Congress Country Study, Indonesia, November 1992, Organization and Equipment of the Armed Forces
- ↑ Library of Congress Country Study, Indonesia, 1992, link verified December 2009.
- ↑ Jitters as Indonesia buys Russian subs – World – smh.com.au
- ↑ Tentara Nasional Indonesia
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/2005/0805/13/0801.htm
External links
- Official Website of TNI
- Official Website of the Department of Defense
- Unofficial Site on Indonesian Armed Forces
- Unofficial Site on Indonesian Special Forces
- Indonesian Civil-Military Relations – Civil-Military Relations in Post-Suharto Indonesia and the Implications for Democracy Today: A Preliminary Analysis
Further reading
- Bresnan, John. (1993). Managing Indonesia: the modern political economy. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Many topics, including the political role of the military at the height of Suharto's New Order.
- Chandra, Siddharth and Douglas Kammen. (2002). "Generating Reforms and Reforming Generations: Military Politics in Indonesia's Transition to Democracy." World Politics, Vol. 55, No. 1.
- Crouch, Harold. (1988). The army and politics in Indonesia. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
- First published 1978. Now somewhat dated, but provides an influential overview of the role of the military in consolidating Suharto's power
- "Guerilla Warfare and the Indonesian Strategic Psyche" Small Wars Journal article by Emmet McElhatton
- Israel, Fauzi.(2009) - Advanced Weapon's Infantry Firepower & Accuracy
- Kammen, Douglas and Siddharth Chandra. (1999). A Tour of Duty: Changing Patterns of Military Politics in Indonesia in the 1990s. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project No. 75.
- Kingsbury, Damen. Power Politics and the Indonesian Military, Routledge: 2003 ISBN 041529729X: 280 pages
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